(2) one officer or employee of a party that is not a natural person if that officer or employee has been designated as the party’s representative by its attorney;
(3) any person whose presence a party shows to be essential to presenting the party’s claim or defense; or
(4) a person authorized by statute to be present.
(2) prohibit excluded witnesses from accessing trial testimony.
US Supreme Court // ©
(As amended Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Oct. 1, 1987; Apr. 25, 1988, eff. Nov. 1, 1988; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7075(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4405; Apr. 24, 1998, eff. Dec. 1, 1998; Apr. 26, 2011, eff. Dec. 1, 2011; Apr. 24, 2023, eff. Dec. 1, 2023.)


