South Dakota Constitution
Introduction
PREAMBLE
Article I
Name and Boundary
Art. I §1 | NAME OF STATE
Art. I §2 | BOUNDARIES OF STATE
Article II
Division of the Powers of Government
Art. II §0 | DIVISION OF THE POWERS OF GOVERNMENT
Article III
Legislative Department
Art. III §1 | LEGISLATIVE POWER--INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM
This section shall not be construed so as to deprive the Legislature or any member thereof of the right to propose any measure. The veto power of the Executive shall not be exercised as to measures referred to a vote of the people. This section shall apply to municipalities. The enacting clause of all laws approved by vote of the electors of the state shall be: "Be it enacted by the people of South Dakota." The Legislature shall make suitable provisions for carrying into effect the provisions of this section.
Art. III §2 | NUMBER OF LEGISLATORS--REGULAR SESSIONS
The sessions of the Legislature shall be biennial except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.
Art. III §3 | QUALIFICATIONS FOR LEGISLATIVE OFFICE--OFFICERS INELIGIBLE
No person is eligible for the office of representative who is not a qualified elector in the district from which such person is chosen, and a citizen of the United States, and who has not been a resident of the state for two years next preceding election, and who has not attained the age of twenty-one years.
No judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, state's attorney, recorder, sheriff or collector of public moneys, member of either house of Congress, or person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any foreign government, shall be a member of the Legislature: provided, that appointments in the militia, the offices of notary public and justice of the peace shall not be considered lucrative; nor shall any person holding any office of honor or profit under any foreign government or under the government of the United States, except postmasters whose annual compensation does not exceed the sum of three hundred dollars, hold any office in either branch of the Legislature or become a member thereof.
Art. III §4 | DISQUALIFICATION FOR CONVICTION OF CRIME--DEFAULTS ON PUBLIC MONEY
Art. III §5 | LEGISLATIVE REAPPORTIONMENT
Art. III §6 | LEGISLATIVE TERMS OF OFFICE--COMPENSATION--REGULAR SESSIONS
No person may serve more than four consecutive terms or a total of eight consecutive years in the senate and more than four consecutive terms or a total of eight consecutive years in the house of representatives. However, this restriction does not apply to partial terms to which a legislator may be appointed.
A regular session of the Legislature shall be held each year and shall not exceed forty legislative days, excluding Sundays, holidays and legislative recess, except in cases of impeachment, and members of the Legislature shall receive no other pay or perquisites except salary and mileage.
Art. III §7 | CONVENING OF ANNUAL SESSIONS
Art. III §8 | OATH REQUIRED OF LEGISLATORS AND OFFICERS--FORFEITURE OF OFFICE FOR FALSE SWEARING
This oath shall be administered by a judge of the Supreme or circuit Court, or the presiding officer of either house, in the hall of the house to which the member or officer is elected, and the secretary of state shall record and file the oath subscribed by each member and officer.
Any member or officer of the Legislature who shall refuse to take the oath herein prescribed shall forfeit his office.
Any member or officer of the Legislature who shall be convicted of having sworn falsely to, or violated his said oath, shall forfeit his office and be disqualified thereafter from holding the office of senator or member of the house of representatives or any office within the gift of the Legislature.
Art. III §9 | EACH HOUSE AS JUDGE OF QUALIFICATIONS--QUORUM--RULES OF PROCEEDINGS--OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES
A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day-to-day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such a manner and under such penalty as each house may provide.
Each house shall determine the rules of its proceedings, shall choose its own officers and employees and fix the pay thereof, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.
Art. III §10 | FILLING LEGISLATIVE VACANCIES
Art. III §11 | LEGISLATORS' PRIVILEGE FROM ARREST--FREEDOM OF DEBATE
Art. III §12 | LEGISLATORS INELIGIBLE FOR OTHER OFFICE--CONTRACTS WITH STATE OR COUNTY
Art. III §13 | LEGISLATIVE JOURNALS--RECORDING OF YEAS AND NAYS
Art. III §14 | ELECTIONS VIVA VOCE
Art. III §15 | OPEN LEGISLATIVE SESSIONS--EXCEPTION
Art. III §16 | ADJOURNMENT OF LEGISLATIVE HOUSES
Art. III §17 | READING OF BILLS
Art. III §18 | ENACTING CLAUSE--ASSENT BY MAJORITY--RECORDING OF VOTES
Art. III §19 | SIGNING OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Art. III §20 | ORIGIN OF BILLS--AMENDMENT IN OTHER HOUSE
Art. III §21 | ONE SUBJECT EXPRESSED IN TITLE
Art. III §22 | EFFECTIVE DATE OF ACTS--EMERGENCY CLAUSE
Art. III §23 | PRIVATE AND SPECIAL LAWS PROHIBITED
2. Changing the names of persons or places, or constituting one person the heir at law of another.
3. Locating or changing county seats.
4. Regulating county and township affairs.
5. Incorporating cities, towns and villages or changing or amending the charter of any town, city or village, or laying out, opening, vacating or altering town plats, streets, wards, alleys and public ground.
6. Providing for sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability.
7. Authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams wholly within the state.
8. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures.
9. Granting to an individual, association or corporation any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever.
10. Providing for the management of common schools.
11. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed.
In all other cases where a general law can be applicable no special law shall be enacted.
Art. III §24 | RELEASE OF DEBT TO STATE OR MUNICIPALITY
Art. III §25 | GAMES OF CHANCE PROHIBITED--EXCEPTIONS
Art. III §26 | MUNICIPAL POWERS DENIED TO PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS
Art. III §27 | SUITS AGAINST THE STATE
Art. III §28 | BRIBERY AND CORRUPT SOLICITATION OF OFFICERS—COMPELLING TESTIMONY--IMMUNITY FROM PROSECUTION
The offense of corrupt solicitation of members of the Legislature, or of public officers of the state, or any municipal division thereof, and any effort towards solicitation of said members of the Legislature, or officers to influence their official actions shall be defined by law, and shall be punishable by fine and imprisonment.
Any person may be compelled to testify in investigation or judicial proceedings against any person charged with having committed any offense of bribery or corrupt solicitation, and shall not be permitted to withhold his testimony upon the ground that it may criminate himself, but said testimony shall not afterwards be used against him in any judicial proceeding except for bribery in giving such testimony, and any person convicted of either of the offenses aforesaid shall be disqualified from holding any office or position or office of trust or profit in this state.
Art. III §29 | LEGISLATIVE POWERS IN EMERGENCY FROM ENEMY ATTACK
(2) to adopt such other measures as may be necessary and proper for insuring the continuity of governmental operations.
Art. III §30 | POWER OF COMMITTEE OF LEGISLATURE TO SUSPEND ADMINISTRATIVE RULES AND REGULATIONS
Art. III §31 | CONVENING OF SPECIAL SESSIONS UPON PETITION
Art. III §32 | TERM LIMITATIONS FOR UNITED STATES CONGRESSMEN
Article IV
Executive Department
Art. IV §1 | EXECUTIVE POWER
Art. IV §2 | QUALIFICATION, ELECTION, AND TERM
Art. IV §3 | POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE GOVERNOR
He shall be commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the state, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States, and may call them out to execute the laws, to preserve order, to suppress insurrection or to repel invasion.
The Governor shall commission all officers of the state. He may at any time require information, in writing or otherwise, from the officers of any administrative department, office or agency upon any subject relating to the respective offices.
The Governor shall at the beginning of each session, and may at other times, give the Legislature information concerning the affairs of the state and recommend the measures he considers necessary.
The Governor may convene the Legislature or either house thereof alone in special session by a proclamation stating the purposes of the session, and only business encompassed by such purposes shall be transacted.
Whenever a vacancy occurs in any office and no provision is made by the Constitution or laws for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have the power to fill such vacancy by appointment.
The Governor may, except as to convictions on impeachment, grant pardons, commutations, and reprieves, and may suspend and remit fines and forfeitures.
Art. IV §4 | VETO POWER
Whenever a bill has been presented to the Governor and the Legislature has adjourned sine die or recessed for more than five days within five days from presentation, the bill shall become law when the Governor signs the bill or fails to veto it within fifteen days after such adjournment or start of the recess.
The Governor may strike any items of any bill passed by the Legislature making appropriations. The procedure for reconsidering items struck by the Governor shall be the same as is prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto. All items not struck shall become law as provided herein.
Bills with errors in style or form may be returned to the Legislature by the Governor with specific recommendations for change. Bills returned shall be treated in the same manner as vetoed bills except that specific recommendations for change as to style or form may be approved by a majority vote of all the members of each house. If the Governor certifies that the bill conforms with the Governor's specific recommendations, the bill shall become law. If the Governor fails to certify the bill, it shall be returned to the Legislature as a vetoed bill.
Art. IV §5 | POWERS AND DUTIES OF LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
Art. IV §6 | SUCCESSION OF EXECUTIVE POWER
Whenever there is a permanent vacancy in the office of the lieutenant governor, the Governor shall nominate a lieutenant governor who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of all the members of each house of the Legislature. Whenever there is a concurrent vacancy in the office of Governor and lieutenant governor, the order of succession for the office of Governor shall be as provided by law.
The Supreme Court shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction to determine when a continuous absence from the state or disability has occurred in the office of the Governor or a permanent vacancy exists in the office of lieutenant governor.
Art. IV §7 | OTHER EXECUTIVE OFFICERS--POWERS AND DUTIES
Art. IV §8 | REORGANIZATION
Except as to elected constitutional officers, the Governor may make such changes in the organization of offices, boards, commissions, agencies and instrumentalities, and in allocation of their functions, powers and duties, as he considers necessary for efficient administration. If such changes affect existing law, they shall be set forth in executive orders, which shall be submitted to the Legislature within five legislative days after it convenes, and shall become effective, and shall have the force of law, within ninety days after submission, unless disapproved by a resolution concurred in by a majority of all the members of either house.
Art. IV §9 | APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWER
Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, whenever a board, commission or other body shall head a principal department of the state government, the members thereof shall be nominated and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed by the Governor. The term of office and removal of such members shall be as prescribed by law.
The Governor shall have power to nominate and make interim appointments requiring senate confirmation during recess of the Legislature except that such nominations and interim appointments shall extend only to the end of the Governor's term or until acted upon by the Legislature.
Art. IV §10 | SUPERSEDED
Art. IV §11 | SUPERSEDED
Art. IV §12 | SUPERSEDED
Art. IV §13 | SUPERSEDED
Article V
Judicial Department
Art. V §1 | JUDICIAL POWERS
Art. V §2 | SUPREME COURT
Art. V §3 | CIRCUIT COURTS
Art. V §4 | COURTS OF LIMITED JURISDICTION
Art. V §5 | JURISDICTION OF COURTS
The circuit courts have original jurisdiction in all cases except as to any limited original jurisdiction granted to other courts by the Legislature. The circuit courts and judges thereof have the power to issue, hear and determine all original and remedial writs. The circuit courts have such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law.
Imposition or execution of a sentence may be suspended by the court empowered to impose the sentence unless otherwise provided by law.
Art. V §6 | QUALIFICATIONS OF JUDICIAL PERSONNEL
Art. V §7 | JUDICIAL SELECTION
A vacancy, as defined by law, in the office of a Supreme Court justice or circuit court judge, shall be filled by appointment of the Governor from one of two or more persons nominated by the judicial qualifications commission. The appointment to fill a vacancy of a circuit court judge shall be for the balance of the unexpired term; and the appointment to fill a vacancy of a Supreme Court justice shall be subject to approval or rejection as hereinafter set forth.
Retention of each Supreme Court justice shall, in the manner provided by law, be subject to approval or rejection on a nonpolitical ballot at the first general election following the expiration of three years from the date of his appointment. Thereafter, each Supreme Court justice shall be subject to approval or rejection in like manner every eighth year. All incumbent Supreme Court justices at the time of the effective date of this amendment shall be subject to a retention election in the general election in the year in which their respective existing terms expire.
Art. V §8 | SELECTION OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE
Art. V §9 | QUALIFICATIONS COMMISSION
Art. V §10 | RESTRICTIONS
Art. V §11 | ADMINISTRATION
The chief justice shall appoint a presiding circuit judge for each judicial circuit to serve at the pleasure of the chief justice. Each presiding circuit judge shall have such administrative power as the Supreme Court designates by rule and may, unless it be otherwise provided by law, appoint judicial personnel to courts of limited jurisdiction to serve at his pleasure. Each presiding circuit judge shall appoint clerks and other court personnel for the counties in his circuit who shall serve at his pleasure at a compensation fixed by law. Duties of clerks shall be defined by Supreme Court rule.
The chief justice shall have power to assign any circuit judge to sit on another circuit court, or on the Supreme Court in case of a vacancy or in place of a justice who is disqualified or unable to act. The chief justice may authorize a justice to sit as a judge in any circuit court.
The chief justice may authorize retired justices and judges to perform any judicial duties to the extent provided by law and as directed by the Supreme Court.
Art. V §12 | RULE-MAKING POWER
Art. V §13 | TRANSITION
Art. V §14 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §15 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §16 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §17 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §18 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §19 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §20 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §21 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §22 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §23 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §24 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §25 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §26 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §27 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §28 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §29 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §30 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §31 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §32 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §33 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §34 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §35 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §36 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §37 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §38 | SUPERSEDED
Art. V §39 | SUPERSEDED
Article VI
Bill of Rights
Art. VI §1 | INHERENT RIGHTS
Art. VI §2 | DUE PROCESS--RIGHT TO WORK
Art. VI §3 | FREEDOM OF RELIGION--SUPPORT OF RELIGION PROHIBITED
No person shall be compelled to attend or support any ministry or place of worship against his consent nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship. No money or property of the state shall be given or appropriated for the benefit of any sectarian or religious society or institution.
Art. VI §4 | RIGHT OF PETITION AND PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY
Art. VI §5 | FREEDOM OF SPEECH--TRUTH AS DEFENSE--JURY TRIAL
Art. VI §6 | JURY TRIAL--REDUCED JURY--THREE-FOURTHS VOTE
Art. VI §7 | RIGHTS OF ACCUSED
Art. VI §8 | RIGHT TO BAIL--HABEAS CORPUS
Art. VI §9 | SELF-INCRIMINATION--DOUBLE JEOPARDY
Art. VI §10 | INDICTMENT OR INFORMATION--MODIFICATION OR ABOLISHMENT OF GRAND JURY
Art. VI §11 | SEARCH AND SEIZURE
Art. VI §12 | EX POST FACTO LAWS--IMPAIRMENT OF CONTRACT OBLIGATIONS--PRIVILEGE OR IMMUNITY
Art. VI §13 | PRIVATE PROPERTY NOT TAKEN WITHOUT JUST COMPENSATION--BENEFIT TO OWNER--FEE IN HIGHWAYS
Art. VI §14 | RESIDENT ALIENS' PROPERTY RIGHTS
Art. VI §15 | IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT
Art. VI §16 | MILITARY SUBORDINATE TO CIVIL POWER--QUARTERING OF SOLDIERS
Art. VI §17 | TAXATION WITHOUT CONSENT--UNIFORMITY
Art. VI §18 | EQUAL PRIVILEGES OR IMMUNITIES
Art. VI §19 | FREE AND EQUAL ELECTIONS--RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE--SOLDIER VOTING
Art. VI §20 | COURTS OPEN--REMEDY FOR INJURY
Art. VI §21 | SUSPENSION OF LAWS PROHIBITED
Art. VI §22 | ATTAINDER BY LEGISLATURE PROHIBITED
Art. VI §23 | EXCESSIVE BAIL OR FINES--CRUEL PUNISHMENTS
Art. VI §24 | RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS
Art. VI §25 | TREASON
Art. VI §26 | POWER INHERENT IN PEOPLE--ALTERATION IN FORM OF GOVERNMENT--INSEPARABLE PART OF UNION
Art. VI §27 | MAINTENANCE OF FREE GOVERNMENT--FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Art. VI §28 | RIGHT TO VOTE BY SECRET BALLOT
Art. VI §29 | RIGHTS OF CRIME VICTIM
2. The right to be free from intimidation, harassment and abuse;
3. The right to be reasonably protected from the accused and any person acting on behalf of the accused;
4. The right to have the safety and welfare of the victim and the victim's family considered when setting bail or making release decisions;
5. The right, upon request, to prevent the disclosure to the public, or the defendant or anyone acting on behalf of the defendant in the criminal case, of information or records that could be used to locate or harass the victim or the victim's family, or which could disclose confidential or privileged information about the victim, and to be notified of any request for such information or records. This does not limit law enforcement from sharing information with the public for the purposes of enlisting the public's help in solving a crime;
6. The right, upon request, to privacy, which includes the right to refuse an interview, deposition or other discovery request, and to set reasonable conditions on the conduct of any such interaction to which the victim consents;
7. The right, upon request, to reasonable, accurate and timely notice of, and to be present at, all proceedings involving the criminal or delinquent conduct, including release, plea, sentencing, adjudication and disposition, and any proceeding during which a right of the victim is implicated;
8. The right, upon request, to be promptly notified of any release or escape of the accused;
9. The right to be heard in any proceeding involving release, plea, sentencing, adjudication, disposition or parole, and any proceeding during which a right of the victim is implicated;
10. The right, upon request, to confer with the attorney for the government;
11. The right to provide information regarding the impact of the offender's conduct on the victim and the victim's family to the individual responsible for conducting any pre-sentence or disposition investigation or compiling any pre-sentence investigation report or plan of disposition, and to have any such information considered in any sentencing or disposition recommendations;
12. The right, upon request, to receive a copy of any pre-sentence report or plan of disposition, and any other report or record relevant to the exercise of a victim's right, except for those portions made confidential by law;
13. The right, upon request, to the prompt return of the victim's property when no longer needed as evidence in the case;
14. The right to full and timely restitution in every case and from each offender for all losses suffered by the victim as a result of the criminal conduct and as provided by law for all losses suffered as a result of delinquent conduct;
15. The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay, and to a prompt and final conclusion of the case and any related post-judgment proceedings;
16. The right, upon request, to be informed of the conviction, adjudication, sentence, disposition, place and time of incarceration, detention or other disposition of the offender, any scheduled release date of the offender, and the release of or the escape by the offender from custody;
17. The right, upon request, to be informed in a timely manner of all post-judgment processes and procedures, to participate in such processes and procedures, to provide information to the release authority to be considered before any release decision is made, and to be notified of any release decision regarding the offender. Any parole authority shall extend the right to be heard to any person harmed by the offender;
18. The right, upon request, to be informed in a timely manner of clemency and expungement procedures, to provide information to the Governor, the court, any clemency board and other authority in these procedures, and to have that information considered before a clemency or expungement decision is made, and to be notified of such decision in advance of any release of the offender; and
19. The right to be informed of these rights, and to be informed that a victim can seek the advice of an attorney with respect to the victim's rights. This information shall be made available to the general public and provided to each crime victim in what is referred to as a Marsy's Card.
The victim, the retained attorney of the victim, a lawful representative of the victim, or the attorney for the government, upon request of the victim, may assert and seek enforcement of the rights enumerated in this section and any other right afforded to a victim by law in any trial or appellate court, or before any other authority with jurisdiction over the case, as a matter of right. The court or other authority with jurisdiction shall act promptly on such a request, affording a remedy by due course of law for the violation of any right and ensuring that victims' rights and interests are protected in a manner no less vigorous than the protections afforded to criminal defendants and children accused of delinquency. The reasons for any decision regarding the disposition of a victim's right shall be clearly stated on the record.
The granting of these rights to any victim shall ensure the victim has a meaningful role throughout the criminal and juvenile justice systems and may not be construed to deny or disparage other rights possessed by victims. The Legislature, or the people by initiative or referendum, have the authority to enact substantive and procedural laws to further define, implement, preserve, and protect the rights guaranteed to victims by this section.
As used in this section, the term, victim, means a person against whom a crime or delinquent act is committed. In the case of a victim who is killed or incapacitated as a result of the crime or delinquent act, or who is a minor, the term also includes any spouse, parent, child, sibling, or as designated by the court, grandparent, grandchild, or guardian. The term does not include the accused or a person whom the court finds would not act in the best interests of a deceased, incompetent, minor or incapacitated victim.
Nothing in this section or any law enacted under this section creates a cause of action for damages against the state or any political subdivision of the state, or any officer, employee, or agent of the state or of any political subdivision of the state.
Article VII
Elections and Right of Suffrage
Art. VII §1 | RIGHT TO VOTE
Art. VII §2 | VOTER QUALIFICATION
Each elector who qualified to vote within a precinct shall be entitled to vote in that precinct until he establishes another voting residence. An elector shall never lose his residency for voting solely by reason of his absence from the state.
Art. VII §3 | ELECTIONS
Art. VII §4 | SUPERSEDED
Art. VII §5 | SUPERSEDED
Art. VII §6 | SUPERSEDED
Art. VII §7 | SUPERSEDED
Art. VII §8 | SUPERSEDED
Art. VII §9 | SUPERSEDED
Art. VII §10 | SUPERSEDED
Article VIII
Education and School Lands
Art. VIII §1 | UNIFORM SYSTEM OF FREE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Art. VIII §2 | PERPETUAL TRUST FUND FOR MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS--PRINCIPAL INVIOLATE
Art. VIII §3 | FUND INCOME APPORTIONED AMONG SCHOOLS--APPORTIONMENT OF FINES
The proceeds of all fines collected from violations of state laws shall be paid to the county treasurer of the county in which the fine was imposed, and distributed by the county treasurer among and between all of the several public schools incorporated in such county in proportion to the number of children in each, of school age, as may be fixed by law.
Art. VIII §4 | SALE OF SCHOOL LANDS--APPRAISAL
The commissioner of school and public lands, the state auditor and the county superintendent of schools of the counties severally, shall constitute boards of appraisal and shall appraise all school lands within the several counties which they may from time to time select and designate for sale, at their actual value under the terms of sale.
They shall take care to first select and designate for sale the most valuable lands; and they shall ascertain all such lands as may be of special and peculiar value, other than agricultural, and cause the proper subdivision of the same in order that the largest price may be obtained therefor.
Art. VIII §5 | TERMS OF SALE OF SCHOOL LANDS
Such lands as shall not have been specially subdivided shall be offered in tracts of not more than eighty acres and these subdivided into the smallest division of the lands designated for sale and not sold within two years after their appraisal shall be reappraised by the board of appraisers as hereinafter provided before they are sold.
Art. VIII §6 | CONDUCT OF SALES OF SCHOOL LANDS--CONVEYANCE OF RIGHT OR TITLE
Art. VIII §7 | PERPETUAL TRUST FUND FROM PROCEEDS OF GRANTS AND GIFTS
Art. VIII §8 | APPRAISAL AND SALE OF DONATED LANDS--SEPARATE ACCOUNTS
Art. VIII §9 | LEASE OF SCHOOL LANDS
Provided, that any lessee of school and public lands shall, at the expiration of a five-year lease, be entitled, at his option, to a new lease for the land included in his original lease, for a period of time not exceeding five years, without public advertising, at the current rental prevailing in the county in which such land is situated, at the time of the issuance of the new lease. The commissioner of school and public lands shall notify by registered mail each lessee or assignee on or before the first day of November first preceding the expiration of his lease that such lease will expire.
Such option shall be exercised by the lessee by notifying the commissioner of school and public lands by registered mail, on or before the first day of December first preceding the expiration of his lease describing the lands for which he desires a new lease, in the same manner as the same is described in his original lease.
The Legislature may provide by appropriate legislation for the payment of local property taxes by the lessees of school and public lands.
Art. VIII §10 | TRESPASSERS' CLAIMS TO PUBLIC LANDS NOT RECOGNIZED--IMPROVEMENTS NOT COMPENSATED
Art. VIII §11 | INVESTMENT OF PERMANENT EDUCATIONAL FUNDS
Art. VIII §12 | DISAPPROVAL BY GOVERNOR OF SALE, LEASE OR INVESTMENT
Art. VIII §13 | AUDIT OF LOSSES TO PERMANENT EDUCATIONAL FUNDS--PERMANENT DEBT--INTEREST
Art. VIII §14 | PROTECTION AND DEFENSE OF SCHOOL LANDS
Art. VIII §15 | TAXATION TO SUPPORT SCHOOL SYSTEM--CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY
Art. VIII §16 | PUBLIC SUPPORT OF SECTARIAN INSTRUCTION PROHIBITED
Art. VIII §17 | INTEREST IN SALE OF SCHOOL EQUIPMENT PROHIBITED
Art. VIII §18 | APPORTIONMENT OF MINERAL LEASING MONEYS--AMOUNTS COVERED INTO PERMANENT FUNDS
Art. VIII §19 | MINERAL RIGHTS RESERVED TO STATE--LEASES PERMITTED
Art. VIII §20 | LOAN OF NONSECTARIAN TEXTBOOKS TO ALL SCHOOL CHILDREN
Article IX
Local Government
Art. IX §1 | ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Art. IX §2 | HOME RULE
A chartered governmental unit may exercise any legislative power or perform any function not denied by its charter, the Constitution or the general laws of the state. The charter may provide for any form of executive, legislative and administrative structure which shall be of superior authority to statute, provided that the legislative body so established be chosen by popular election and that the administrative proceedings be subject to judicial review.
Powers and functions of home rule units shall be construed liberally.
Art. IX §3 | INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION
Art. IX §4 | LOCAL INITIATIVES TO PROVIDE FOR COOPERATION AND ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL UNITS
Art. IX §5 | SUPERSEDED
Art. IX §6 | SUPERSEDED
Art. IX §7 | SUPERSEDED
Article X
Municipal Corporations [Repealed]
Art. X §0 | [REPEALED BY SL 1972, CH 3, APPROVED NOV 7, 1972]
Article XI
Revenue and Finance
Art. XI §1 | ANNUAL TAX
And whenever it shall appear that such ordinary expenses shall exceed the income of the state for such year, the Legislature shall provide for levying a tax for the ensuing year, sufficient, with other sources of income, to pay the deficiency of the preceding year, together with the estimated expenses of such ensuing year. And for the purpose of paying the public debt, the Legislature shall provide for levying a tax annually, sufficient to pay the annual interest and the principal of such debt within ten years from the final passage of the law creating the debt; provided, that the annual tax for the payment of the interest and principal of the public debt shall not exceed in any one year two mills on each dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable property in the state, as ascertained by the last assessment made for the state and county purposes.
Provided, that for the purpose of establishing, installing, maintaining and operating a hard fiber twine and cordage plant at the state penitentiary at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the Legislature shall provide for a tax for the year 1907 of not to exceed one and one-half mills on each dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable property in the state, as ascertained by the last assessment made for state and county purposes.
Art. XI §2 | CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY FOR TAXATION--INCOME
Art. XI §3 | CORPORATE TAX POWER OF STATE NOT SUSPENDED
Art. XI §4 | BANKS AND BANKERS TAXED
Art. XI §5 | PUBLIC PROPERTY EXEMPT FROM TAXATION--EXCEPTIONS
Art. XI §6 | PROPERTY EXEMPT FROM TAXATION--PERSONAL PROPERTY
Art. XI §7 | OTHER EXEMPTION LAWS VOID
Art. XI §8 | OBJECT OF TAX TO BE STATED--USE OF VEHICLE AND FUEL TAXES
Art. XI §9 | TAXES PAID INTO TREASURY--APPROPRIATIONS REQUIRED FOR EXPENDITURE
Art. XI §10 | SPECIAL ASSESSMENTS FOR LOCAL IMPROVEMENTS--TAXES FOR MUNICIPAL PURPOSES
Art. XI §11 | UNAUTHORIZED USE OF PUBLIC MONEY AS FELONY
Art. XI §12 | ANNUAL STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES
Art. XI §13 | VOTE REQUIRED TO INCREASE CERTAIN TAX RATES OR VALUATIONS
Art. XI §14 | VOTE REQUIRED TO IMPOSE OR INCREASE TAXES
Art. XI §15 | INHERITANCE TAX PROHIBITED
Article XII
Public Accounts and Expenditures
Art. XII §1 | APPROPRIATION AND WARRANT REQUIRED FOR PAYMENT FROM TREASURY
Art. XII §2 | CONTENTS OF GENERAL APPROPRIATION BILL--SEPARATE APPROPRIATION BILLS
Art. XII §3 | EXTRA COMPENSATION PROHIBITED--UNAUTHORIZED CONTRACTS--CHANGE IN COMPENSATION OF OFFICERS--APPROPRIATIONS FOR DEFENSE OF STATE
Art. XII §4 | ANNUAL STATEMENT REQUIRED
Art. XII §5 | HEALTH CARE TRUST FUND ESTABLISHED--INVESTMENT--APPROPRIATIONS
Art. XII §6 | EDUCATION ENHANCEMENT TRUST FUND ESTABLISHED--INVESTMENT--APPROPRIATIONS
Art. XII §7 | BALANCED BUDGET
Article XIII
Public Indebtedness
Art. XIII §1 | STATE ENTERPRISES--LEGISLATIVE VOTE REQUIRED--DEFENSE OF STATE--RURAL CREDITS--MAXIMUM INDEBTEDNESS
Art. XIII §2 | MAXIMUM STATE DEBT--IRREPEALABLE TAX TO REPAY
Art. XIII §3 | STATE DEBT AS IN ADDITION TO TERRITORIAL DEBT
Art. XIII §4 | DEBT LIMITATIONS FOR MUNICIPALITIES AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS
Provided, that any county, municipal corporation, civil township, district, or other subdivision may incur an additional indebtedness, not exceeding ten per centum upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property therein, for the year preceding that in which said indebtedness is incurred, for the purpose of providing water and sewerage, for irrigation, domestic uses, sewerage and other purposes; and
Provided, further, that in a city where the population is eight thousand or more, such city may incur an indebtedness not exceeding eight per centum upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property therein for the year next preceding that in which said indebtedness is incurred for the purpose of constructing street railways, electric lights or other lighting plants.
Provided, further, that no county, municipal corporation, civil township, district or subdivision shall be included within such district or subdivision without a majority vote in favor thereof of the electors of the county, municipal corporation, civil township, district or other subdivision, as the case may be, which is proposed to be included therein, and no such debt shall ever be incurred for any of the purposes in this section provided, unless authorized by a vote in favor thereof by a majority of the electors of such county, municipal corporation, civil township, district or subdivision incurring the same.
Art. XIII §5 | IRREPEALABLE TAX TO REPAY DEBT OF MUNICIPALITY OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
Art. XIII §6 | ADJUSTMENT OF DEBTS AND LIABILITIES OF TERRITORY OF DAKOTA
2. The words "state of North Dakota" wherever used in this agreement, shall be taken to mean the territory of North Dakota, in case the state of South Dakota shall be admitted into the union prior to the admission into the union of the state of North Dakota; and the words "state of South Dakota," wherever used in this agreement, shall be taken to mean the territory of South Dakota in case the state of North Dakota shall be admitted into the union prior to the admission into the union of the state of South Dakota.
3. The said state of North Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by the territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs or maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are located within the boundaries of North Dakota, and shall pay all warrants issued under and by virtue of that certain act of the legislative assembly of the territory of Dakota, approved March 3, 1889, entitled an act to provide for the refunding of outstanding warrants drawn on the capitol building fund.
4. The said state of South Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by the territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs or maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are located within the boundaries of South Dakota.
5. That is to say: The state of North Dakota shall assume and pay the following bonds and indebtedness, to wit: Bonds issued on account of the hospital for insane at Jamestown, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is two hundred and sixty-six thousand dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the North Dakota University at Grand Forks, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is ninety-six thousand seven hundred dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the penitentiary at Bismarck, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is ninety-three thousand six hundred dollars; also, refunding capitol building warrants dated April 1, 1889, eighty-three thousand five hundred and seven dollars and forty-six cents.
And the state of South Dakota shall assume and pay the following bonds and indebtedness, to wit: Bonds issued on account of the hospital for the insane at Yankton, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is two hundred and ten thousand dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the school for deaf mutes, at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is fifty-one thousand dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the university at Vermillion, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is seventy-five thousand dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the penitentiary at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is ninety-four thousand three hundred dollars; also, bonds issued on account of agricultural college at Brookings, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is ninety-seven thousand five hundred dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the normal school at Madison, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is forty-nine thousand four hundred dollars; also, bonds issued on account of school of mines at Rapid City, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is thirty-three thousand dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the reform school at Plankinton, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is thirty thousand dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the normal school at Spearfish, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is twenty-five thousand dollars; also, bonds issued on account of the soldiers' home at Hot Springs, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is forty-five thousand dollars.
6. The states of North Dakota and South Dakota shall pay one-half each of all liabilities now existing or hereafter and prior to the taking effect of this agreement incurred, except those heretofore and hereafter incurred on account of public institutions, grounds or buildings, except as otherwise herein specifically provided.
7. The state of South Dakota shall pay to the state of North Dakota forty-six thousand five hundred dollars on account of the excess of territorial appropriations for the permanent improvement of territorial institutions which under this agreement will go to South Dakota, and in full of the undivided one-half interest of North Dakota in the territorial library and in full settlement of unbalanced accounts, and of all claims against the territory, of whatever nature, legal or equitable, arising out of the alleged erroneous or unlawful taxation of the Northern Pacific Railroad lands, and the payment of said amount shall discharge and exempt the state of South Dakota from all liability for or on account of the several matters hereinbefore referred to; nor shall either state be called upon to pay or answer to any portion of liability hereafter arising or accruing on account of transactions heretofore had, which liability would be a liability of the territory of Dakota had such territory remained in existence, and which liability shall grow out of matters connected with any public institution, grounds or buildings of the territory situated or located within the boundaries of the other state.
8. A final adjustment of accounts shall be made upon the following basis: North Dakota shall be charged with all sums paid on account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings located within its boundaries on account of the current appropriations since March 8, 1889; and South Dakota shall be charged with all sums paid on account of public institutions, grounds or buildings located within its boundaries on the same account and during the same time. Each state shall be charged with one-half of all other expenses of the territorial government during the same time. All moneys paid into the treasury during the period from March 8, 1889, to the time of taking effect of this agreement by any county, municipality or person within the limits of the proposed state of North Dakota shall be credited to the state of North Dakota; and all sums paid into said treasury within the same time by any county, municipality or person within the limits of the proposed state of South Dakota shall be credited to the state of South Dakota; except that any and all taxes on gross earnings paid into said treasury by railroad corporations since the eighth day of March 1889, based upon earnings of years prior to 1888, under and by virtue of the act of the legislative assembly of the territory of Dakota, approved March 7, 1889, and entitled "An act providing for the levy and collection of taxes upon property of railroad companies in this territory," being chapter 107 of the Session Laws of 1889 (that is, the part of such sum going to the territory) shall be equally divided between the states of North Dakota and South Dakota; and all taxes heretofore or hereafter paid into said treasury under and by virtue of the act last mentioned, based on the gross earnings of the year 1888, shall be distributed as already provided by law, except that so much thereof as goes to the territorial treasury shall be divided as follows: North Dakota shall have so (much) thereof as shall be or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the proposed state of North Dakota and South Dakota so much thereof as shall be or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the proposed state of South Dakota. Each state shall be credited also with all balances of appropriations made by the seventeenth legislative assembly of the territory of Dakota for the account of public institutions, grounds or buildings situated within its limits, remaining unexpended on March 8, 1889. If there be any indebtedness except the indebtedness represented by the bonds and refunding warrants hereinbefore mentioned, each state shall at the time of such final adjustment of accounts, assume its share of said indebtedness as determined by the amount paid on account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings of such state in excess of the receipts from counties, municipalities, railroad corporations or persons within the limits of said state as provided in this article; and if there should be a surplus at the time of such final adjustment, each state shall be entitled to the amounts received from counties, municipalities, railroad corporations or persons within its limits over and above the amount charged to it.
Art. XIII §7 | OBLIGATION OF STATE TO PAY PROPORTION OF TERRITORIAL DEBT
Art. XIII §8 | REFUNDING BOND ISSUE AUTHORIZED FOR TERRITORIAL DEBT PAYMENT
In case such bonds are issued by the territorial treasurer as hereinbefore set forth, before the first day of October, 1889, then upon the admission of South Dakota as a state it shall assume and pay said bonds in lieu of the aforesaid territorial indebtedness.
Art. XIII §9 | ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND COAL SUPPLY BY STATE
Art. XIII §10 | STATE CEMENT ENTERPRISES
Art. XIII §11 | STATE PLEDGE TO FUND CEMENT ENTERPRISES
Art. XIII §12 | STATE ELECTRIC POWER ENTERPRISES
Art. XIII §13 | STATE PLEDGE TO FUND ELECTRIC POWER ENTERPRISES
Art. XIII §14 | STATE COAL MINING ENTERPRISES
Art. XIII §15 | STATE PLEDGE TO FUND COAL ENTERPRISES
Art. XIII §16 | WORKS OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT--STATE INDEBTEDNESS
Art. XIII §17 | HOME LOANS BY STATE--DEBT LIMITATION INAPPLICABLE
Art. XIII §18 | COMPENSATION OF MILITARY AND WAR RELIEF PERSONNEL--MAXIMUM INDEBTEDNESS
Art. XIII §19 | BONUS PAID TO VETERANS AND DECEASED VETERANS' DEPENDENTS
2. The term "armed forces" shall mean and include the following: United States Army, Army of the United States, United States Navy, United States Naval Reserves, United States Marine Corps, United States Marine Corps Reserve, United States Coast Guard, United States Coast Guard Reserve which shall be construed to include the United States Guard Temporary Reserve, Women's Army Corps, United States Navy Women's Reserve, United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve, United States Coast Guard Women's Reserve, Army Nurse Corps and Navy Nurse Corps.
Art. XIII §20 | TRUST FUND CREATED WITH PROCEEDS FROM SALE OF STATE CEMENT ENTERPRISES--INVESTMENT
Art. XIII §21 | TRANSFERS FROM TRUST FUND TO GENERAL FUND IN SUPPORT OF EDUCATION
Article XIV
State Institutions
Art. XIV §1 | CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS
Art. XIV §2 | GOVERNMENT OF CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS
Art. XIV §3 | GOVERNANCE OF STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Art. XIV §4 | REPEALED
Art. XIV §5 | MINING AND METALLURGY TO BE TAUGHT
Article XV
Militia
Art. XV §1 | COMPOSITION OF MILITIA
Art. XV §2 | LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS FOR MILITIA
Art. XV §3 | CONFORMITY TO FEDERAL REGULATIONS
Art. XV §4 | COMMISSIONS OF OFFICERS OF MILITIA
Art. XV §5 | MILITIA PRIVILEGED FROM ARREST
Art. XV §6 | SAFEKEEPING OF MILITARY RECORDS AND RELICS
Art. XV §7 | CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS
Article XVI
Impeachment and Removal from Office
Art. XVI §1 | POWER OF IMPEACHMENT IN HOUSE--MAJORITY REQUIRED
The concurrence of a majority of all members elected shall be necessary to an impeachment.
Art. XVI §2 | TRIAL OF IMPEACHMENTS--PRESIDING OFFICER
Art. XVI §3 | OFFICERS SUBJECT TO IMPEACHMENT--GROUNDS--REMOVAL FROM OFFICE--CRIMINAL PROSECUTION
Art. XVI §4 | REMOVALS OF OFFICERS NOT SUBJECT TO IMPEACHMENT
Art. XVI §5 | SUSPENSION OF DUTIES BETWEEN IMPEACHMENT AND ACQUITTAL
Art. XVI §6 | LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR NOT TO TRY GOVERNOR
Art. XVI §7 | SERVICE OF COPY OF IMPEACHMENT BEFORE TRIAL REQUIRED
Art. XVI §8 | IMPEACHMENT TWICE FOR SAME OFFENSE PROHIBITED
Article XVII
Corporations
Art. XVII §1 | SPECIAL CORPORATION LAWS PROHIBITED--STATE-CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS EXCEPTED
Art. XVII §2 | INVALIDATION OF CHARTERS WITHOUT BONA FIDE ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS
Art. XVII §3 | LAWS FOR BENEFIT OF CORPORATION AS CONDITIONED ON COMPLIANCE WITH CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION
Art. XVII §4 | CORPORATIONS SUBJECT TO EMINENT DOMAIN--POLICE POWER
Art. XVII §5 | CASTING OF VOTES FOR DIRECTORS OR MANAGERS
Art. XVII §6 | PLACE OF BUSINESS AND AUTHORIZED AGENT REQUIRED OF FOREIGN CORPORATION
Art. XVII §7 | BUSINESS TO BE EXPRESSED IN CHARTER--REAL ESTATE RESTRICTED
Art. XVII §8 | STOCKS AND BONDS--INDEBTEDNESS INCREASE
Art. XVII §9 | LEGISLATURE’S POWER TO ALTER, REVISE, OR ANNUL CORPORATE CHARTERS--CREATION, RENEWAL, OR EXTENSION
Art. XVII §10 | LOCAL CONSENT REQUIRED FOR GRANT OF STREET RAILROAD RIGHT
Art. XVII §11 | CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TELEGRAPH LINES--CONTROLLING INTEREST IN COMPETING COMPANY PROHIBITED
Art. XVII §12 | RAILROAD CORPORATIONS
Art. XVII §13 | MOVABLE PROPERTY OF RAILROAD CORPORATION CONSIDERED PERSONALTY--EXECUTION AND SALE
Art. XVII §14 | CONSOLIDATION OF RAILROAD LINES--FORFEITURE OF CHARTER FOR EVASION OF PROVISIONS
Art. XVII §15 | RAILWAYS AND RAIL COMPANIES DECLARED PUBLIC HIGHWAYS AND COMMON CARRIERS--REGULATION OF RATES
Art. XVII §16 | RIGHT TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE RAILROAD--PASSENGERS, TONNAGE, AND CARS
Art. XVII §17 | RATE DISCRIMINATION PREVENTION
Art. XVII §18 | COMPENSATION FOR PRIVATE PROPERTY TAKEN FOR PUBLIC USE--ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES
Art. XVII §19 | CORPORATIONS DEFINED
Art. XVII §20 | MONOPOLIES AND TRUSTS PROHIBITED--COMBINATIONS IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE--LEGISLATIVE POWERS
Art. XVII §21 | CORPORATE OR SYNDICATE FARMING PROHIBITED--DEFINITIONS--RESTRICTIONS
Art. XVII §22 | RESTRICTIONS--APPLICATION
(2) Agricultural land acquired or leased, or livestock kept, fed or owned, by a cooperative organized under the laws of any state, if a majority of the shares or other interests of ownership in the cooperative are held by members in the cooperative who are natural persons actively engaged in the day-to-day labor and management of a farm, or family farm corporations or syndicates, and who either acquire from the cooperative, through purchase or otherwise, such livestock, or crops produced on such land, or deliver to the cooperative, through sale or otherwise, crops to be used in the keeping or feeding of such livestock;
(3) Nonprofit corporations organized under state nonprofit corporation law;
(4) Agricultural land, which, as of the approval date of this amendment, is being farmed, or which is owned or leased, or in which there is a legal or beneficial interest, directly or indirectly owned, acquired, or obtained by a corporation or syndicate, if such land or other interest is held in continuous ownership or under continuous lease by the same such corporation or syndicate. For the purposes of this exemption, land purchased on a contract signed as of the approval date of this amendment is considered as owned on that date;
(5) Livestock, which as of the approval date of this amendment, is owned by a corporation or syndicate. For the purposes of this exemption, livestock to be produced under contract for a corporation or syndicate are considered as owned, if the contract is for the keeping or feeding of livestock and is signed as of the approval date of this amendment, and if the contract remains in effect and is not terminated by either party to the contract. This exemption does not extend beyond the term of any contract signed as of the approval date of this amendment;
(6) A farm operated for research or experimental purposes, if any commercial sales from the farm are only incidental to the research or experimental objectives of the corporation or syndicate;
(7) Land leases by alfalfa processors for the production of alfalfa;
(8) Agricultural land operated for the purpose of growing seed, nursery plants, or sod;
(9) Mineral rights on agricultural land;
(10) Agricultural land acquired or leased by a corporation or syndicate for immediate or potential nonfarming purposes, for a period of five years from the date of purchase. A corporation or syndicate may hold such agricultural land in such acreage as may be necessary to its nonfarm business operation, but pending the development of the agricultural land for nonfarm purposes, such land may not be used for farming except under lease to a family farm corporation or family farm syndicate or a non syndicate or noncorporate farm;
(11) Agricultural lands or livestock acquired by a corporation or syndicate by process of law in the collection of debts, or by any procedures for the enforcement of a lien, encumbrance, or claim thereon, whether created by mortgage or otherwise. Any lands so acquired shall be disposed of within a period of five years and may not be used for farming before being disposed of, except under a lease to a family farm corporation or syndicate, or a nonsyndicate or noncorporate farm. Any livestock so acquired shall be disposed of within six months;
(12) Agricultural lands held by a state or nationally chartered bank as trustee for a person, corporation or syndicate that is otherwise exempt from the provisions of §§ 21 to 24, inclusive, of Article XVII;
(13) A bona fide encumbrance taken for purposes of security;
(14) Custom spraying, fertilizing, or harvesting;
(15) Livestock futures contracts, livestock purchased for slaughter within two weeks of the purchase date, or livestock purchased and resold within two weeks.
Art. XVII §23 | LOSS OF QUALIFICATION--REQUALIFICATION OR DISSOLUTION
Art. XVII §24 | ANNUAL REPORT--VIOLATIONS--ACTION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article XVIII
Banking and Currency
Art. XVIII §1 | GENERAL BANKING LAW--PROVISIONS REQUIRED
Art. XVIII §2 | BANK TO CEASE OPERATIONS WITHIN TWENTY YEARS OF ORGANIZATION--REORGANIZATION
Art. XVIII §3 | LIABILITY OF BANKING CORPORATION SHAREHOLDERS AND STOCKHOLDERS--EXEMPTION UNDER FEDERAL LAW
Article XIX
Congressional and Legislative Apportionment
Art. XIX §1 | CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATIVES ELECTED AT LARGE
Art. XIX §2 | SENATORIAL AND REPRESENTATIVE DISTRICTS--APPORTIONMENT
DISTRICTS
[Omitted--See Chapter 2-2 for current provisions.]Article XX
Seat of Government
Art. XX §1 | TEMPORARY SEAT OF GOVERNMENT--VOTE
Art. XX §2 | PERMANENT SEAT OF GOVERNMENT--VOTE
Art. XX §3 | ELECTION BETWEEN TWO PLACES WITH HIGHEST VOTES IF MAJORITY VOTE NOT RECEIVED
Article XXI
Miscellaneous
Art. XXI §1 | SEAL AND COAT OF ARMS
Art. XXI §2 | SALARY OF CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS
Art. XXI §3 | OATH OF OFFICE
Art. XXI §4 | EXEMPTIONS
Art. XXI §5 | RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN
Art. XXI §6 | DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Art. XXI §7 | IRRIGATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Art. XXI §8 | HAIL INSURANCE
Art. XXI §9 | MARRIAGE
Art. XXI §10 | MEDICAID ELIGIBILITY EXPANDED
The State of South Dakota may not impose greater or additional burdens or restrictions on eligibility or enrollment standards, methodologies, or practices on any person eligible under this section than on any person otherwise eligible for Medicaid under South Dakota law.
No later than March 1, 2023, the Department of Social Services shall submit all state plan amendments necessary to implement this section to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
The State of South Dakota shall take all actions necessary to maximize the federal financial medical assistance percentage in funding medical assistance pursuant to this section.
This section shall be broadly construed to accomplish its purposes and intents. If any provision in this section or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid or unconstitutional, such invalidity or unconstitutionality shall not affect other provisions or applications of the section that can be given effect without the invalid or unconstitutional provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this section are severable.
Art. XXI §10{x} | MEDICAID ELIGIBILITY EXPANDED
The State of South Dakota may not impose greater or additional burdens or restrictions on eligibility or enrollment standards, methodologies, or practices on any person eligible under this section than on any person otherwise eligible for Medicaid under South Dakota law, except that the State of South Dakota may, to the extent permitted by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, impose a work requirement on any person, eligible under this section, who has not been diagnosed as being physically or mentally disabled.
No later than March 1, 2023, the Department of Social Services shall submit all state plan amendments necessary to implement this section to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
The State of South Dakota shall take all actions necessary to maximize the federal financial medical assistance percentage in funding medical assistance pursuant to this section.
This section shall be broadly construed to accomplish its purposes and intents. If any provision in this section or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid or unconstitutional, such invalidity or unconstitutionality shall not affect other provisions or applications of the section that can be given effect without the invalid or unconstitutional provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this section are severable.
Article XXII
Compact with the United States
Art. XXII §0 | COMPACT WITH THE UNITED STATES
First.
That perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured, and that no inhabitant of this state shall ever be molested in person or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship.Second.
That we, the people inhabiting the state of South Dakota, do agree and declare that we forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundary of South Dakota, and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribes; and that until the title thereto shall have been extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and remain subject to the disposition of the United States; and said Indian lands shall remain under the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States; that the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing without the said state shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands belonging to residents of this state; that no taxes shall be imposed by the state of South Dakota on lands or property therein belonging to or which may hereafter be purchased by the United States, or reserved for its use. But nothing herein shall preclude the state of South Dakota from taxing as other lands are taxed any lands owned or held by any Indian who has severed his tribal relation and has obtained from the United States, or from any person a title thereto by patent or other grant save and except such lands as have been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under any act of Congress containing a provision exempting the lands thus granted from taxation. All such lands which may have been exempted by any grant or law of the United States, shall remain exempt to the extent, and as prescribed by such act of Congress.Third.
That the state of South Dakota shall assume and pay that portion of the debts and liabilities of the territory of Dakota as provided in this Constitution.Fourth.
That provision shall be made for the establishment and maintenance of systems of public schools, which shall be open to all the children of this state, and free from sectarian control.Article XXIII
Amendments and Revisions of the Constitution
Art. XXIII §1 | AMENDMENTS
Art. XXIII §2 | REVISION
Art. XXIII §3 | RATIFICATION
Article XXIV
Prohibition [Repealed]
Art. XXIV §0 | [REPEALED BY SL 1933, CH 128]
Article XXV
Minority Representation [Rejected]
Art. XXV §0 | MINORITY REPRESENTATION
Article XXVI
Schedule and Ordinance
Art. XXVI §1 | CONTINUATION OF PRIOR WRITS, ACTIONS, CLAIMS, AND BODIES CORPORATE--VALIDATION OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED PROCESS
Art. XXVI §2 | FINES, FORFEITURES, AND ESCHEATS OF TERRITORY TO ACCRUE TO STATE
Art. XXVI §3 | RECOGNIZANCES, BONDS, OBLIGATIONS, AND UNDERTAKINGS--CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS AND PENAL ACTIONS
Art. XXVI §4 | CIVIL AND MILITARY OFFICERS
Art. XXVI §5 | ELECTION OF CONSTITUTION AND STATE OFFICERS--BALLOTS
At the said election the ballots shall be in the following form:
For prohibition: Yes. No.
For minority representation: Yes. No.
All persons who desire to vote against the Constitution, or against any article submitted separately, must erase the word "Yes."
In addition to the foregoing election for the Constitution and for the articles submitted by this convention for a separate vote thereon, an election shall be held at the same time and places, by the said qualified electors, for the following state officers, to be voted for on the same ballot as above provided for votes on the Constitution and separate articles, to wit:
The judges of election in counting the ballots voted at such election shall count all the affirmative ballots upon the Constitution as votes for the Constitution; and they shall count all the negative ballots voted at said election upon the Constitution as votes against the Constitution; and ballots voted at said election upon which neither of said words "yes" or "no" following the words "for the Constitution" are erased, shall not be counted upon such proposition. And they shall count all affirmative ballots so voted upon the article on prohibition separately submitted, as votes for such article, and they shall count all negative ballots so voted upon such article as votes against such article; and ballots upon which neither the words "yes" or "no" following the words "for prohibition" are erased, shall not be counted upon such proposition; and they shall count all the affirmative ballots so voted upon the article on minority representation, separately submitted, as votes for such article. And they shall count all negative ballots so voted upon such article as votes against such article; and ballots upon which neither of said words "yes" or "no" following the words "for minority representation" are erased, shall not be counted upon such proposition.
If it shall appear in accordance with the returns hereinafter provided for, that a majority of the votes polled at such election, for and against the Constitution, are for the Constitution, then this Constitution shall be the Constitution of the state of South Dakota. If it shall appear, according to the returns hereinafter provided for, that a majority of all votes cast at said election for and against "prohibition" are for prohibition then said article XXIV shall be and form a part of this Constitution, and be in full force and effect as such from date of said election, but if a majority of said votes shall appear, according to said returns to be against prohibition, then article XXIV shall be null and void and shall not be a part of this Constitution. And if it appear, according to the returns hereinafter provided for, that a majority of all votes cast at said election for and against "minority representation" are for minority representation, then article XXV shall be and form a part of said Constitution, and be in full force and effect as such from the date of said election; but if a majority of said votes shall appear, according to said returns, to be against minority representation, then said article XXV shall be null and void and shall not be a part of this Constitution.
At such election the person voted for, for any one of the offices to be filled at such election, who shall receive the highest number of votes cast at said election, shall be declared elected to said office.
Art. XXVI §6 | ELECTION FOR TEMPORARY SEAT OF GOVERNMENT
On each ballot, and on the same ballot on which are the matters voted for or against, as hereinbefore provided, shall be written or printed the words "for temporary seat of government," (Here insert the name of the city, town or place, to be voted for.)
And upon the canvass and return of the vote, made as hereinafter provided for, the name of the city, town or place which shall have received the largest number of votes for said temporary seat of government, shall be declared by the Governor, chief justice and secretary of the territory of Dakota, or by any two of them, at the same time that they shall canvass the vote for or against the Constitution, together with the whole number of votes cast for each city, town or place, and the officers above named, shall immediately after the result of said election shall have been ascertained, issue a proclamation directing the Legislature elected at said election to assemble at said city, town or place so selected, on the day fixed by this schedule and ordinance.
Art. XXVI §7 | CONDUCT OF ELECTION
Art. XXVI §8 | ELECTION RETURNS
Art. XXVI §9 | CANVASS OF VOTE--FILING WITH COUNTY CLERKS OR AUDITORS
Art. XXVI §10 | CERTIFICATION OF SENATOR OR REPRESENTATIVE FROM MULTI-COUNTY DISTRICT
Art. XXVI §11 | DELIVERY OF RETURNS TO PROPER STATE OFFICER--CERTIFICATION TO PRESIDENT--PROCLAMATION OF ELECTION RESULT--LISTS OF ELECTED OFFICERS--CERTIFICATES OF ELECTION
Within fifteen days after said election the secretary of the territory, with the Governor and chief justice thereof, or any two of them, shall canvass such returns and certify the same to the president of the United States, as provided in the Enabling Act.
They shall also ascertain the total number of votes cast at such election for the Constitution and against the Constitution; the total number of votes cast for and against prohibition; and the total number of votes cast for and against minority representation; and the total number of votes cast for each city, town or place as the "temporary seat of government"; and the total number of votes cast for each person voted for, for any office at said election, excepting county judges and members of the Legislature, and shall declare the result of said election in conformity with such vote, and the Governor of the territory shall thereupon issue a proclamation at once thereof.
They shall also make and transmit to the state Legislature, immediately upon its organization, a list of all the state and judicial officers who shall thus be ascertained to be duly elected.
The various county and district canvassing boards shall make and transmit to the secretary of the territory the names of all persons declared by them to be elected members of the senate and house of representatives of the state of South Dakota; he shall make separate lists of the senators and representatives so elected, which list shall constitute the rolls under which the senate and house of representatives shall be organized.
The Governor of the territory shall make and issue certificates of election to the persons who are shown by the canvass to have received the highest number of votes for Governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of school and public lands and judges of the Supreme and circuit Courts. Such certificates to be attested by the secretary of the territory.
Art. XXVI §12 | APPORTIONMENT OF STATE LEGISLATURE--NUMBER OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES INITIALLY ELECTED
At the first election held under this ordinance for senators and representatives of the Legislature, there shall be elected forty-five senators and one hundred and twenty-four representatives in the state Legislature respectively.
Art. XXVI §13 | FIRST ASSEMBLY OF LEGISLATURE--OATHS OF OFFICE
Art. XXVI §14 | ELECTION OF TWO UNITED STATES SENATORS--TWO REPRESENTATIVES
Art. XXVI §15 | ADJOURNMENT AFTER ELECTION OF SENATORS--NEXT MEETING
Art. XXVI §16 | LEGISLATURE AND OFFICERS TO EXERCISE NECESSARY AND AUTHORIZED POWERS ONLY PENDING ADMISSION OF STATE INTO UNION
Art. XXVI §17 | VALIDITY OF ORDINANCES AND SCHEDULE
Art. XXVI §18 | FREEDOM OF RELIGION--PUBLIC LANDS--INDIAN LANDS--UNIFORMITY OF TAXATION--TERRITORIAL DEBT--PUBLIC SCHOOLS--FEDERAL RESERVATIONS--IRREVOCABILITY
Second. That we, the people inhabiting the state of South Dakota, do agree and declare, that we forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries of South Dakota; and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribes, and that until the title thereto shall have been extinguished by the United States the same shall be and remain subject to the disposition of the United States, and said Indian lands shall remain under the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States; that the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing without the said state, shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands belonging to residents of this state. That no taxes shall be imposed by the state of South Dakota on lands or property therein belonging to or which may hereafter be purchased by the United States, or reserved for its use. But nothing herein shall preclude the state of South Dakota from taxing as other lands are taxed any lands owned or held by any Indian who has severed his tribal relation and has obtained from the United States, or from any person a title thereto by patent or other grant save and except such lands as have been, or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under any act of Congress containing a provision exempting the lands thus granted from taxation, all such lands which may have been exempted by any grant or law of the United States, shall remain exempt to the extent, and as prescribed by such act of Congress.
Third. That the state of South Dakota shall assume and pay that portion of the debts and liabilities of the territory of Dakota as provided in this Constitution.
Fourth. That provision shall be made for the establishment and maintenance of systems of public schools, which shall be open to all the children of this state, and free from sectarian control.
Fifth. That jurisdiction is ceded to the United States over the military reservations of Fort Meade, Fort Randall and Fort Sully, heretofore declared by the president of the United States: provided legal process, civil and criminal, of this state shall extend over such reservations, in all cases of which exclusive jurisdiction is not vested in the United States, or of crimes not committed within the limits of such reservations.
Art. XXVI §19 | TENURE OF ELECTED OFFICERS
The judges of the Supreme Court and circuit courts shall hold their offices until the first Tuesday, after the first Monday, in January, A. D. 1894, at twelve o'clock m., and until their successors are elected and qualified; subject to the provisions of § 26 of article V of the Constitution.
The terms of office of the members of the Legislature, elected at the first election held under the provisions of this Constitution, shall expire on the first Tuesday, after the first Monday, in January, 1891.
Art. XXVI §20 | TIME OF GENERAL ELECTION
Art. XXVI §21 | FORM OF BALLOT
Constitutional Ticket
INSTRUCTIONS TO VOTERS
All persons desiring to vote for the Constitution, or for any of the articles submitted to a separate vote, may erase the word "No."All persons who desire to vote against the Constitution, or any articles separately submitted may erase the word "Yes."
For Prohibition: Yes. No.
For Minority Representation: Yes. No.
For Governor.
__________
For Lieutenant Governor.
__________
For Secretary of State.
__________
For Auditor.
__________
For Treasurer.
__________
For Attorney General.
__________
For Superintendent of Public Instruction.
__________
For Commissioner of School and Public Lands.
__________
For Judges of the Supreme Court.
First District __________
Second District __________
Third District __________
For Judge of the Circuit Court ____ Circuit.
For Representatives in Congress.
__________
For State Senator.
__________
For Representative in the Legislature.
__________
For County Judge.
_________
Art. XXVI §22 | ENROLLMENT OF CONSTITUTION--DELIVERY TO SECRETARY OF STATE--INCLUSION IN STATE LAWS--COPY TO PRESIDENT OF UNITED STATES
The president of this convention shall also supervise the making of the copy that must be sent to the president of the United States; said copy is to be certified by the president and chief clerk of this convention.
Art. XXVI §23 | AGREEMENT BY JOINT COMMISSION CONCERNING TERRITORIAL RECORDS, BOOKS, AND ARCHIVES
All records, books and archives of the territory of Dakota which it is not herein agreed shall be the property of North Dakota, shall be the property of South Dakota.
The current warrant auditor's register--one volume.
Insurance record for 1889--one volume.
Treasurer's cash book "D."
Assessment ledger "B."
Dakota territory bond register--one volume.
Treasurer's current ledger--one volume.
All other records, books and archives which it is hereby agreed shall be the property of South Dakota shall remain at the capital of North Dakota until demanded by the Legislature of the state of South Dakota, and until the state of North Dakota shall have had a reasonable time after such demand is made to provide copies or abstracts or such portions thereof as the said state of North Dakota may desire to have copies or abstracts of.
The state of South Dakota may also provide copies or abstracts of such records, books and archives which is agreed shall be the property of North Dakota as said state of South Dakota shall desire to have copies or abstracts of.
The expense of all copies or abstracts of records, books and archives which it is herein agreed may be made, shall be borne equally by said two states.
Article XXVII
State Control of Manufacture and Sale of Liquor [Repealed]
Art. XXVII §0 | [REPEALED BY SL 1899, CH 64]
Article XXVIII
County Investment of Permanent School and Endowment Funds
Art. XXVIII §1 | SCHOOL AND GOVERNMENTAL BONDS--FARM LOANS
Article XXIX
State Elevators, Warehouses, Flouring Mills, and Packing Houses
Art. XXIX §1 | PROVISION FOR ELEVATORS AND WAREHOUSES--MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS--FLOURING MILLS AND PACKING HOUSES
Article XXX
Marijuana and Hemp
Art. XXX §1 | DEFINITIONS
(2) "Hemp," the plant of the genus cannabis, and any part of that plant, including the seeds thereof and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than three-tenths of one percent on a dry weight basis;
(3) "Local government," means a county, municipality, town, or township;
(4) "Marijuana," the plant of the genus cannabis, and any part of that plant, including the seeds, the resin extracted from any part of the plant, and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seeds, or its resin, including hash and marijuana concentrate. The term includes an altered state of marijuana absorbed into the human body. The term does not include hemp, or fiber produced from the stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of the plant, sterilized seed of the plant which is incapable of germination, or the weight of any other ingredient combined with marijuana to prepare topical or oral administrations, food, drink, or other products;
(5) "Marijuana accessory," any equipment, product, or material, which is specifically designed for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packaging, repackaging, storing, containing, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing marijuana into the human body.
Art. XXX §2 | LAWS NOT LIMITED OR AFFECTED BY THIS ARTICLE
(2) Purchase, possession, use, or transport of marijuana or marijuana accessories by a person younger than twenty-one years of age;
(3) Consumption of marijuana by a person younger than twenty-one years of age;
(4) Operating or being in physical control of any motor vehicle, train, aircraft, motorboat, or other motorized form of transport while under the influence of marijuana;
(5) Consumption of marijuana while operating or being in physical control of a motor vehicle, train, aircraft, motorboat, or other motorized form of transport, while it is being operated;
(6) Smoking marijuana within a motor vehicle, aircraft, motorboat, or other motorized form of transport, while it is being operated;
(7) Possession or consumption of marijuana or possession of marijuana accessories on the grounds of a public or private preschool, elementary school, or high school, in a school bus, or on the grounds of any correctional facility;
(8) Smoking marijuana in a location where smoking tobacco is prohibited;
(9) Consumption of marijuana in a public place, other than in an area licensed by the department for consumption;
(10) Consumption of marijuana as part of a criminal penalty or a diversion program;
(11) Conduct that endangers others;
(12) Undertaking any task under the influence of marijuana, if doing so would constitute negligence or professional malpractice; or
(13) Performing solvent-based extractions on marijuana using solvents other than water, glycerin, propylene glycol, vegetable oil, or food grade ethanol, unless licensed for this activity by the department.
Art. XXX §3 | EMPLOYMENT--PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROPERTY
(2) Affect an employer's ability to restrict the use of marijuana by employees;
(3) Limit the right of a person who occupies, owns, or controls private property from prohibiting or otherwise regulating conduct permitted by this article on or in that property; or
(4) Limit the ability of the state or a local government to prohibit or restrict any conduct otherwise permitted under this article within a building owned, leased, or occupied by the state or the local government.
Art. XXX §4 | ACTS THAT ARE NOT UNLAWFUL
(2) Possessing, planting, cultivating, harvesting, drying, processing, or manufacturing not more than three marijuana plants and possessing the marijuana produced by the plants, provided:
(b) Not more than six plants are kept in or on the grounds of a private residence at one time; and
(c) The private residence is located within the jurisdiction of a local government where there is no licensed retail store where marijuana is available for purchase pursuant to this article;
(4) Possessing, using, delivering, distributing, manufacturing, transferring, or selling to persons twenty-one years of age or older marijuana accessories.
Art. XXX §5 | CIVIL PENALTIES
(2) A person who, pursuant to § 4 of this article, cultivates marijuana plants that are not kept in a locked space is subject to a civil penalty not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars.
(3) A person who, pursuant to § 4 of this article, cultivates marijuana plants within the jurisdiction of a local government where marijuana is available for purchase at a licensed retail store is subject to a civil penalty not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars, unless the cultivation of marijuana plants is allowed through local ordinance or regulation pursuant to § 10.
(4) A person who smokes marijuana in a public place, other than in an area licensed for such activity by the department, is subject to a civil penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars.
(5) A person who is under twenty-one years of age and possesses, uses, ingests, inhales, transports, delivers without consideration or distributes without consideration one ounce or less of marijuana or possesses, delivers without consideration, or distributes without consideration marijuana accessories is subject to a civil penalty not to exceed one hundred dollars. The person shall be provided the option of attending up to four hours of drug education or counseling in lieu of the fine.
Art. XXX §6 | POWER AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT
(2) Licenses permitting independent marijuana testing facilities to analyze and certify the safety and potency of marijuana;
(3) Licenses permitting marijuana wholesalers to package, process, and prepare marijuana for transport and sale to retail sales outlets; and
(4) Licenses permitting retail sales outlets to sell and deliver marijuana to consumers.
Art. XXX §7 | PROMULGATION OF RULES
(2) Application, licensing, and renewal fees, not to exceed the amount necessary to cover the costs to the department of implementing and enforcing this article;
(3) Time periods, not to exceed ninety days, by which the department must issue or deny an application;
(4) Qualifications for licensees;
(5) Security requirements, including lighting and alarm requirements, to prevent diversion;
(6) Testing, packaging, and labeling requirements, including maximum tetrahydrocannabinol levels, to ensure consumer safety and accurate information;
(7) Restrictions on the manufacture and sale of edible products to ensure consumer and child safety;
(8) Health and safety requirements to ensure safe preparation and to prohibit unsafe pesticides;
(9) Inspection, tracking, and record-keeping requirements to ensure regulatory compliance and to prevent diversion;
(10) Restrictions on advertising and marketing;
(11) Requirements to ensure that all applicable statutory environmental, agricultural, and food and product safety requirements are followed;
(12) Requirements to prevent the sale and diversion of marijuana to persons under twenty-one years of age; and
(13) Civil penalties for the failure to comply with rules adopted pursuant to this article.
Art. XXX §8 | NUMBER OF LICENSES
(2) Limit the number of licenses issued, if necessary, to prevent an undue concentration of licenses in any one municipality.
Art. XXX §9 | CONDUCT PERMITTED BY LICENSE--CONTRACTS--PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
Art. XXX §10 | LOCAL ORDINANCES
Art. XXX §11 | EXCISE TAX--USE OF REVENUE
Art. XXX §12 | COMPLIANCE WITH ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ACT--MANDAMUS
Art. XXX §13 | ANNUAL REPORT
Art. XXX §14 | MARIJUANA FOR MEDICAL USE--HEMP
(2) Regulate the cultivation, processing, and sale of hemp.
Art. XXX §15 | CONSTRUCTION OF ARTICLE--SEVERABILITY
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Perhaps it'll [even] help you navigate through your state's administrative gauntlet. A gauntlet which might include – but not be limited to:
- State Agency Bribery;
- State Agency Corruption;
- State Agency Obstruction; and
- State Agency Self-Discrimination
Sincerely,
www.TextBookDiscrimination.com
